Изворни код странице Pseudo aminokiselinska kompozicija

'''Pseudo aminokiselinska kompozicija''', ili ''-{PseAA}- kompozicija'', je reprezentacija [[protein]]skih uzoraka. Definisao ju je Kuo-Chen Chou [[2001]]. da bi poboljšao predviđanje proteinske subcelularne lokalizacije, kao i predviđanje tipa [[Membranski protein|membranskih proteina]].<ref name="chou1">{{cite journal | author = Chou KC | title = Prediction of protein cellular attributes using pseudo-amino acid composition | journal = Proteins | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 246–55 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11288174 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref>

== Uvod ==

Da bi se predvidela [[subcelularna lokalizacija]] proteina i drugih atributa na osnovu njihove sekvence, dva tipa modela se generalno koriste za reprezentaciju proteinskih uzoraka: (1) sekvencioni model, i (2) diskretni model.

Najtipičnija sekvenciona reprezentacija proteinskog uzorka je njegova celokupna aminokiselinska (AA) sekvenca, koja sadrži najkompletniju informaciju. To je jedna od očiglednih prednosti sekvencionih modela. Da bi se dobili željeni rezultati, obično se koriste alati za pretragu sličnosti sekvenci u formiranju predikcija. Međutim, ta vrsta pristupa nije efektivna kad upitni protein ne poseduje značajnu homologiju sa proteinima da poznatim atributima. Iz tog razloga, razni diskretni modeli su bili predloženi.

Najjednostavniji diskretni model je upotreba aminokiselinske kompozicije (AAC) za reprezentaciju proteinskih uzoraka, koji su formulisani na sledeći način. Data proteinska sekvenca '''P''' sa <math> L </math> aminokiselinskih ostataka, i.e.,
* <math> \mathbf{P}={\begin{bmatrix} \mbox{R}_1 \mbox{R}_2 \mbox{R}_3 \mbox{R}_4 \mbox{R}_5 \mbox{R}_6 \mbox{R}_7 \cdots \mbox{R}_L\end{bmatrix}}  \qquad  \mbox{(1)} </math>

gde -{R}-<sub>1</sub> označava prvi ostatak proteina -{'''P'''}-, -{R}-<sub>2</sub> drugi ostatak, itd., u saglasnošću sa modelom aminokiselinske kompozicije (AAC), protein '''P''' jednačine 1 može biti izražen kao
* <math> \mathbf{P}={\begin{bmatrix} f_1 & f_2 & \cdots & f_{20} \end{bmatrix}}^{\mathbf{T}}  \qquad   \mbox{(2)} </math>

gde su <math>\, f_u \, (u=1, 2, \cdots, 20) </math> normalizovane frekvencije pojavljivanja 20 prirodnih aminokiselina u -{'''P'''}-, i -{'''T'''}- je transpozicioni operator. U skladu s tim, aminokiselinski sastav proteina se može lako izvesti kad je [[Primarna struktura proteina|proteinska sekvenca]] poznata.

Zbog svoje jednostavnosti, model aminokiselinskog sastava (AAC) je bio široko korišten u mnogim ranijim statističkim metodama za predviđanje proteinskih atribute. Međutim, celokupna informacija o sekventnom redosledu se gubi upotrebom AA kompozicije za reprezentaciju proteina. To je glavni nedostatak ovog metoda.

== Koncept ==

Koncept -{PseAA}- (pseudo aminokiselinske) kompozicije je predložen da bi se izbeglo potpuno gubljenje informacije o redosledu.<ref name="chou1"/> U kontrastu sa konvencionalnom aminokiselinskom kompozicijom koja sadrži 20 komponenti koje reflektuju frekvenciju zastupljenosti 20 prirodnih aminokiselina proteina, -{PseAA}- kompozicija sadrži više od 20 diskretnih faktora, gde prvih 20 reprezentuju komponente konvencionalne AA kompozicije, dok dodatni faktori inkorporiraju deo informacije o redu sekvence putem raznih modova.

Dodatni faktori su serije korelacionih faktora različitih rangova duž proteinskog lanca. Oni su takođe mogu da budu kombinacije drugih faktora, dokle god ti faktori reflektuju na neki način red sekvence. Rani načini kojima se može formulisati -{PseAA}- kompozicija su razvijeni.<ref name="chou2">{{cite journal | last = Chou K-C|title=Pseudo amino acid composition and its applications in bioinformatics, proteomics and system biology. | journal=Current Proteomics | volume = 6 | pages = 262–274 | doi = 10.2174/157016409789973707}}</ref> Dakle, suština -{PseAA}- kompozicije je da dok ona sadrži AA kompoziciju, ona takođe sadrži informaciju izvan AA kompozicije, i iz tog razloga bolje reflektuje osobine proteinske sekvence u diskretnim modelima.

== Algoritam ==

Na osnovu -{PseAA}- kompozicionog modela, protein '''P''' iz jednačine 1 se može formulisati kao

* <math> \mathbf{P}={\begin{bmatrix} p_1, \, p_2, \,  \cdots,\, p_{20}, \, p_{20+1}, \, \cdots, \, p_{20+\lambda} \end{bmatrix}}^{\mathbf{T}},  \,\,\, (\lambda < L )  \qquad  \mbox{(3)} </math>

gde su (<math>20+\lambda</math>) komponente date se

* <math> p_u =  \begin{cases}
\dfrac {f_u} {\sum_{i=1}^{20}f_i \, + \, w\sum_{k=1}^{\lambda} \tau_k},  &  (1 \le u \le 20)
\\ \\
\dfrac {w \tau_{u-20}} {\sum_{i=1}^{20} f_i \, + \, w\sum_{k=1}^{\lambda} \tau_k}, & (20+1 \le u \le 20+\lambda)
\end{cases}        
\qquad   \mbox{(4)}
</math>

gde je <math>w</math> faktor težine, i <math>\tau_k</math> je <math>k</math>-ti korelacioni faktor koji odražava red sekvence u korelaciji između svih <math>k</math>-tih najbližih ostataka, kao što je formulisano sa 
* <math>
\tau_k = \frac {1}{L-k} \sum_{i=1}^{L-k} \, \mbox{J}_{i, i+k},  \,\,\,  (k <  L) 
\qquad   \mbox{(5)} </math>

sa
* <math>
\mbox{J}_{i, i+k} = \frac{1}{\Gamma} \sum_{q=1}^{\Gamma} \left[\Phi_{q}\left(\mbox{R}_{i+k}\right) - \Phi_{q}\left(\mbox{R}_{i}\right ) \right]^2  
\qquad    \mbox{(6)}
</math>

gde je <math>\Phi_{q}\left(\mbox{R}_{i}\right)</math> <math>{q}</math>-ta funkcija aminokiseline <math>\mbox{R}_i \,</math>, i <math>\Gamma\,</math> je totalni broj funkcija uzetih u obzir.

== Primene ==

Od uvođenja '''-{PseAA}- kompozicije''', ona je bila široko korišćena za predviđanje raznih osobina proteina, kao što su strukturne klase proteina,<ref name="pmid16920060">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen C, Zhou X, Tian Y, Zou X, Cai P | title = Predicting protein structural class with pseudo-amino acid composition and support vector machine fusion network | journal = Anal. Biochem. | volume = 357 | issue = 1 | pages = 116–21 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16920060 | doi = 10.1016/j.ab.2006.07.022 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid16908032">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen C, Tian YX, Zou XY, Cai PX, Mo JY | title = Using pseudo-amino acid composition and support vector machine to predict protein structural class | journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 243 | issue = 3 | pages = 444–8 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16908032 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.06.025 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid17330882">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin H, Li QZ | title = Using pseudo amino acid composition to predict protein structural class: approached by incorporating 400 dipeptide components | journal = J Comput Chem | volume = 28 | issue = 9 | pages = 1463–6 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17330882 | doi = 10.1002/jcc.20554 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid18726140">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li ZC, Zhou XB, Dai Z, Zou XY | title = Prediction of protein structural classes by Chou's pseudo amino acid composition: approached using continuous wavelet transform and principal component analysis | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 415–25 | year = 2009 | pmid = 18726140 | doi = 10.1007/s00726-008-0170-2 | url = | issn = }}</ref> klasa i podklasa enzimskih familija,<ref name="pmid19961429">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qiu JD, Huang JH, Shi SP, Liang RP | title = Using the concept of Chou's pseudo amino acid composition to predict enzyme family classes: an approach with support vector machine based on discrete wavelet transform | journal = Protein Pept. Lett. | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 715–22 | year = 2010 | pmid = 19961429 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid17628605">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhou XB, Chen C, Li ZC, Zou XY | title = Using Chou's amphiphilic pseudo-amino acid composition and support vector machine for prediction of enzyme subfamily classes | journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 248 | issue = 3 | pages = 546–51 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17628605 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.06.001 | url = | issn = }}</ref> subcelularne lokacije proteina,<ref name="pmid18074191">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang SW, Zhang YL, Yang HF, Zhao CH, Pan Q | title = Using the concept of Chou's pseudo amino acid composition to predict protein subcellular localization: an approach by incorporating evolutionary information and von Neumann entropies | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 565–72 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18074191 | doi = 10.1007/s00726-007-0010-9 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid13678304">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pan YX, Zhang ZZ, Guo ZM, Feng GY, Huang ZD, He L | title = Application of pseudo amino acid composition for predicting protein subcellular location: stochastic signal processing approach | journal = J. Protein Chem. | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 395–402 | year = 2003 | pmid = 13678304 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid18209947">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shi JY, Zhang SW, Pan Q, Zhou GP | title = Using pseudo amino acid composition to predict protein subcellular location: approached with amino acid composition distribution | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 321–7 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18209947 | doi = 10.1007/s00726-007-0623-z | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid18473953">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jiang X, Wei R, Zhang T, Gu Q | title = Using the concept of Chou's pseudo amino acid composition to predict apoptosis proteins subcellular location: an approach by approximate entropy | journal = Protein Pept. Lett. | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 392–6 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18473953 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid18680458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li FM, Li QZ | title = Predicting protein subcellular location using Chou's pseudo amino acid composition and improved hybrid approach | journal = Protein Pept. Lett. | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 612–6 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18680458 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> pod-nukleinske lokacije proteina,<ref name="Mundra_2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mundra P, Kumar M, Kumar KK, Jayaraman VK, Kulkarni BD |title=Using pseudo amino acid composition to predict protein subnuclear localization: Approached with PSSM|journal=Pattern Recognition Letters | year = 2007 | volume = 28 | issue = 13 | pages = 1610–1615 | doi = 10.1016/j.patrec.2007.04.001}}</ref><ref name="pmid18256886">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jiang X, Wei R, Zhao Y, Zhang T | title = Using Chou's pseudo amino acid composition based on approximate entropy and an ensemble of AdaBoost classifiers to predict protein subnuclear location | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 669–75 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18256886 | doi = 10.1007/s00726-008-0034-9 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="Ding_2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ding YS, Zhang TL | title = Using Chou's pseudo amino acid composition to predict subcellular localization of apoptosis proteins: an approach with immune genetic algorithm-based ensemble classifier | journal = Pattern Recognition Letters | year = 2008 | volume = 29 | pages = 1887–1892 | doi = 10.1016/j.patrec.2008.06.007}}</ref> apoptozne proteinske subcelularne lokalizacije,<ref name="pmid17572445">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen YL, Li QZ | title = Prediction of apoptosis protein subcellular location using improved hybrid approach and pseudo-amino acid composition | journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 248 | issue = 2 | pages = 377–81 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17572445 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.05.019 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid19169652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin H, Wang H, Ding H, Chen YL, Li QZ | title = Prediction of subcellular localization of apoptosis protein using Chou's pseudo amino acid composition | journal = Acta Biotheor. | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 321–30 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19169652 | doi = 10.1007/s10441-008-9067-4 | url = | issn = }}</ref> pod-mitohondrjske lokalizacije,<ref name="pmid18175047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nanni L, Lumini A | title = Genetic programming for creating Chou's pseudo amino acid based features for submitochondria localization | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–60 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18175047 | doi = 10.1007/s00726-007-0018-1 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid19341746">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zeng YH, Guo YZ, Xiao RQ, Yang L, Yu LZ, Li ML | title = Using the augmented Chou's pseudo amino acid composition for predicting protein submitochondria locations based on auto covariance approach | journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 259 | issue = 2 | pages = 366–72 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19341746 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.03.028 | url = | issn = }}</ref> [[Кватернарна структура протеина|proteinske kvaternarne strukture]],<ref name="pmid18427713">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang SW, Chen W, Yang F, Pan Q | title = Using Chou's pseudo amino acid composition to predict protein quaternary structure: a sequence-segmented PseAAC approach | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 591–8 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18427713 | doi = 10.1007/s00726-008-0086-x | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid20148364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xiao X, Wang P, Chou KC | title = Quat-2L: a web-server for predicting protein quaternary structural attributes | journal = Mol Divers | volume = | issue = | pages = | year = 2010 | pmid = 20148364 | doi = 10.1007/s11030-010-9227-8 | url = | issn = }}</ref>  klasifikaciju [[konotoksin]]ske superfamilije i familije,<ref name="pmid16890961">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mondal S, Bhavna R, Mohan Babu R, Ramakumar S | title = Pseudo amino acid composition and multi-class support vector machines approach for conotoxin superfamily classification | journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 243 | issue = 2 | pages = 252–60 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16890961 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.06.014 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid17239817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin H, Li QZ | title = Predicting conotoxin superfamily and family by using pseudo amino acid composition and modified Mahalanobis discriminant | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 354 | issue = 2 | pages = 548–51 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17239817 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.011 | url = | issn = }}</ref> tipova [[proteaza]],<ref name="pmid16456852">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhou GP, Cai YD | title = Predicting protease types by hybridizing gene ontology and pseudo amino acid composition | journal = Proteins | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages = 681–4 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16456852 | doi = 10.1002/prot.20898 | url = | issn = }}</ref> tipova [[G protein spregnuti receptori|G protein-spregnutih receptora]],<ref name="pmid19364489">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qiu JD, Huang JH, Liang RP, Lu XQ | title = Prediction of G-protein-coupled receptor classes based on the concept of Chou's pseudo amino acid composition: an approach from discrete wavelet transform | journal = Anal. Biochem. | volume = 390 | issue = 1 | pages = 68–73 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19364489 | doi = 10.1016/j.ab.2009.04.009 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid19594431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gu Q, Ding YS, Zhang TL | title = Prediction of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Classes in Low Homology Using Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition with Approximate Entropy and Hydrophobicity Patterns | journal = Protein Pept. Lett. | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 559–67 | year = 2010 | pmid = 19594431 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> ljudskih papilomavirusa,<ref name="pmid19961864">{{cite journal |vauthors=Esmaeili M, Mohabatkar H, Mohsenzadeh S | title = Using the concept of Chou's pseudo amino acid composition for risk type prediction of human papillomaviruses | journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 263 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–9 | year = 2010 | pmid = 19961864 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.11.016 | url = | issn = }}</ref> proteina spoljašnje membrane,<ref name="pmid18355838">{{cite journal | author = Lin H | title = The modified Mahalanobis Discriminant for predicting outer membrane proteins by using Chou's pseudo amino acid composition | journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 252 | issue = 2 | pages = 350–6 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18355838 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.02.004 | url = | issn = }}</ref> transmembranskih regiona proteina,<ref name="pmid17520325">{{cite journal |vauthors=Diao Y, Ma D, Wen Z, Yin J, Xiang J, Li M | title = Using pseudo amino acid composition to predict transmembrane regions in protein: cellular automata and Lempel-Ziv complexity | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 111–7 | year = 2008 | pmid = 17520325 | doi = 10.1007/s00726-007-0550-z | url = | issn = }}</ref> [[Секундарна структура протеина|proteinskog sekundarnog strukturnog]] kontenta,<ref name="pmid19149669">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen C, Chen L, Zou X, Cai P | title = Prediction of protein secondary structure content by using the concept of Chou's pseudo amino acid composition and support vector machine | journal = Protein Pept. Lett. | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–31 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19149669 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> subcelularne lokalizacije mikobakterijskih proteina,<ref name="pmid18782071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin H, Ding H, Guo FB, Zhang AY, Huang J | title = Predicting subcellular localization of mycobacterial proteins by using Chou's pseudo amino acid composition | journal = Protein Pept. Lett. | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 739–44 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18782071 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> tipova lipaza,<ref name="pmid19075826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang GY, Li HC, Gao JQ, Fang BS | title = Predicting lipase types by improved Chou's pseudo-amino acid composition | journal = Protein Pept. Lett. | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 1132–7 | year = 2008 | pmid = 19075826 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> DNK-vezujućih proteina,<ref name="pmid17624492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fang Y, Guo Y, Feng Y, Li M | title = Predicting DNA-binding proteins: approached from Chou's pseudo amino acid composition and other specific sequence features | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 103–9 | year = 2008 | pmid = 17624492 | doi = 10.1007/s00726-007-0568-2 | url = | issn = }}</ref> litičkih enzima ćelijskog zida,<ref name="pmid19356130">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ding H, Luo L, Lin H | title = Prediction of cell wall lytic enzymes using Chou's amphiphilic pseudo amino acid composition | journal = Protein Pept. Lett. | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 351–5 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19356130 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> kofaktora oksidoreduktaza,<ref name="pmid18471832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang GY, Fang BS | title = Predicting the cofactors of oxidoreductases based on amino acid composition distribution and Chou's amphiphilic pseudo-amino acid composition | journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 253 | issue = 2 | pages = 310–5 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18471832 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.03.015 | url = | issn = }}</ref> kao i drugih proteinskih atributima i osobina<ref name="pmid18297652">{{cite journal |vauthors=González-Díaz H, González-Díaz Y, Santana L, Ubeira FM, Uriarte E | title = Proteomics, networks and connectivity indices | journal = Proteomics | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 750–78 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18297652 | doi = 10.1002/pmic.200700638 | url = | issn = }}</ref>.

Otkako je pojam -{PseAA}- kompozicija uveden, on se naširoko koristi za predviđanje različitih proteinskih atributa. Takođe je bio korišten da se uključe [[proteinski domen]]i i -{GO}- ([[Ontologija gena]]) informacije za poboljšanje kvaliteta predviđanja subcelularne lokalizacije proteina<ref name="pmid18274516">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chou KC, Shen HB | title = Cell-PLoc: a package of Web servers for predicting subcellular localization of proteins in various organisms | journal = Nat Protoc | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 153–62 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18274516 | doi = 10.1038/nprot.2007.494 | url = http://chou.med.harvard.edu/bioinf/Cell-PLoc/ | issn =  | access-date = 21. 11. 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070827234010/http://chou.med.harvard.edu/bioinf/Cell-PLoc/ | archive-date = 27. 08. 2007 | url-status = dead }}</ref> kao i njihovi drugi atributi.

U međuvremenu, koncept -{PseAA}- kompozicije je takođe podstakao stvaranje pseudo topoloških indeksa savijanja.<ref name="pmid19296677">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agüero-Chapin G, Varona-Santos J, de la Riva GA, Antunes A, González-Vlla T, Uriarte E, González-Díaz H | title = Alignment-free prediction of polygalacturonases with pseudofolding topological indices: experimental isolation from Coffea arabica and prediction of a new sequence | journal = J. Proteome Res. | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 2122–8 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19296677 | doi = 10.1021/pr800867y | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid18992259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Perez-Bello A, Munteanu CR, Ubeira FM, De Magalhães AL, Uriarte E, González-Díaz H | title = Alignment-free prediction of mycobacterial DNA promoters based on pseudo-folding lattice network or star-graph topological indices | journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 256 | issue = 3 | pages = 458–66 | year = 2009 | pmid = 18992259 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.09.035 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid19578942">{{cite journal |vauthors=González-Díaz H, Dea-Ayuela MA, Pérez-Montoto LG, Prado-Prado FJ, Agüero-Chapín G, Bolas-Fernández F, Vazquez-Padrón RI, Ubeira FM | title = QSAR for RNases and theoretic-experimental study of molecular diversity on peptide mass fingerprints of a new Leishmania infantum protein | journal = Mol. Divers. | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 349–69 | year = 2010 | pmid = 19578942 | doi = 10.1007/s11030-009-9178-0 | url = | issn = }}</ref>

== Literatura ==
{{reflist|colwidth=40em}}

== Dodatna literatura ==
{{Литература|2}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shen HB, Chou KC | title = PseAAC: a flexible web server for generating various kinds of protein pseudo amino acid composition | journal = Anal. Biochem. | volume = 373 | issue = 2 | pages = 386–8 | year = 2008 | pmid = 17976365 | doi = 10.1016/j.ab.2007.10.012 | url = http://chou.med.harvard.edu/bioinf/PseAAC/ | issn =  | access-date = 21. 11. 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081008004745/http://chou.med.harvard.edu/bioinf/PseAAC/ | archive-date = 08. 10. 2008 | url-status = dead }}
{{Литература крај}}

{{normativna kontrola}}

[[Категорија:Аминокиселине]]
[[Категорија:Биоинформатички алгоритми]]