Изворни код странице Општа теорија релативности

[[Датотека:Black Hole Milkyway.jpg|мини|260px|Симулисана [[црна рупа]] са 10 [[Сунчева маса|соларних маса]] унутар [[Млечни пут|Млечног пута]], гледана са растојања од 600 km.]]

'''Општа релативност''' или '''општа теорија релативности''' (ОТР) је [[Диференцијална геометрија|геометријска]] [[Теоријска физика|теорија]] [[гравитација|гравитације]] коју је [[Алберт Ајнштајн]] објавио у чланку ''Основе опште теорије релативности'' ({{jez-nem|Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie}}), 1915. године у -{''[[Annalen der Physik]]''}-.<ref>Albert Einstein: ''Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie''. U: ''Annalen der Physik''. 49, 1916, S. 769–822 ([http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/papers/1916_49_769-822.pdf Faksimil] {{Wayback|url=http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/papers/1916_49_769-822.pdf |date=20060823125203 }}, PDF)</ref><ref>O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson (1996), "[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/General_relativity.html General relativity]". ''[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Indexes/Math_Physics.html Mathematical Physics index]'', [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/maths/ School of Mathematics and Statistics] {{Wayback|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/maths/ |date=20151205235113 }}, [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/ University of St. Andrews], Scotland, May, 1996. Приступљено 2015-02-04.</ref> Теорија представља релативистичко поопштење [[специјална релативност|специјалне релативности]] и [[Исак Њутн|Њутнове]] теорије [[гравитација|гравитације]]. Она пружа уједињени опис гравитације као геометријског својства [[простор]]а и [[Време у физици|времена]], или [[простор-време]]на. Специфично, [[закривљеност]] простор-времена је директно повезана са [[енергија|енергијом]] и [[момент]]ом независно од тога која [[материја]] и [[радијација]] су присутне. Однос је специфициран у [[Ајнштајнова једначине поља|Ајнштајновим једначинама поља]], систему [[парцијална диференцијална једначина|парцијалних диференцијалних једначина]].

Нека од предвиђања опште релативности се знатно разликују од класично физичких ставова, посебно у погледу протока времена, геометрије простора, кретања тела при [[Слободан пад|слободном паду]], и простирања светлости. Примери тих разлика обухватају [[Гравитациона дилатација времена|гравитациону дилатацију времена]], [[Гравитационо сочиво|гравитациона сочива]], [[Гравитациони црвени помак]] светлости, и [[Шапиров ефекат|гравитационо временско кашњење]]. Предвиђања теорије опште релативности су до сад била [[Тестови опште релативности|потврђена]] у свим опажањима и експериментима. Мада општа релативност није једина [[Алтернативе општој релативности|релативистичка теорија гравитације]], она је [[Окамова бритва|најједноставнија теорија]] која је конзистентна са експерименталним подацима. Међутим, питања без одговора остају, најфундаменталније од којих је усаглашавање опште релативности са законима [[Квантна механика|квантне физике]] којим би се произвела комплетна и усаглашена теорија [[Квантна гравитација|квантне гравитације]].

Ајнштајнова теорија има важне астрофизичке импликације. На пример, из ње проистиче могућност постојања [[црна рупа|црних рупа]] — просторних региона у којима су простор и време закривљени на такав начин да ништа, чак ни светлост, не може да побегне — као крајњег стадијума масивних [[звезда]]. Постоји обиље доказа да је интензивна [[радијација]] коју емитују поједине врсте астрономских објеката узрокована црним рупама; на пример, [[микроквазар]]и и [[ацтиве галацтиц нуцлеус|активна галактика језгра]] су резултат присуства [[Звездана црна рупа|звезданих црних рупа]] и црних рупа [[Супермасивна црна рупа|далеко масивнијег типа]]. Савијање светлости дејством гравитације може да доведе до феномена [[Гравитационо сочиво|гравитационог сочива]], услед којег су вишеструке слике истог удаљеног астрономског објекта видљиве на небу. Општа релативност такође предвиђа постојање [[Гравитациони талас|гравитационих таласа]], који су индиректно уочени; директна мерења су циљ пројеката као што су [[ЛИГО]] ({{jez-eng|Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory}}) и НАСА/ЕСА ({{jez-eng|Laser Interferometer Space Antenna}}) и разних [[Низови за пулсарске временске прорачуне|низова за пулсарске временске прорачуне]]. Поред тога, општа релативност је основа данашњих [[Физичка космологија|космолошких]] модела конзистентно [[Ширење свемира|експандирајућег свемира]].

== Постулати и структура теорије ==
[[Датотека:Spacetime curvature.png|мини|300px|Дводимензионална аналогија закривљености просторвремена]]
За разлику од класичног, Њутновог описа гравитације као силе која се јавља међу масивним телима на позадини апсолутног простор-времена, у ОТР улогу гравитације узима само простор-време. Њега сада описујемо помоћу метричког тензора (<math>g_{\mu \nu}</math>) који је решење [[Ајнштајн]]ових једначина:

<math>R_{\mu \nu} - \frac{1}{2} \, R \, g_{\mu \nu} = \frac{8\pi G}{c^{2}} \, T_{\mu \nu}</math>

где је <math>R_{\mu \nu}</math> Ричијев тензор, <math>R</math> Ричијев скалар, а <math>T_{\mu \nu}</math> тензор енергије-импулса. Константе у једначини су <math>c</math>, брзина светлости и <math>G</math>, гравитацијска константа. Утицај гравитације на честице дефинисан је закривљеношћу простор-времена (тј. његовом геометријом) коју дефинишу [[маса|масе]] и сва физичка [[Поље (физика)|поља]] (осим гравитационог).

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;Beginning undergraduate textbooks
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* {{Cite book| ref= harv |author-link= Lane P. Hughston |author= Hughston, L. P. |author2= Tod, K. P.|title=Introduction to General Relativity|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1991|isbn=978-0-521-33943-8|pages=}}
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{{Литература крај}}

== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|General relativity}}
* [http://publicliterature.org/books/relativity/xaa.php ''Релативност: специјална и општа теорија''] {{Wayback|url=http://publicliterature.org/books/relativity/xaa.php |date=20080509182830 }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110812214155/http://publicliterature.org/pdf/relat10.pdf ПДФ])
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140601190245/http://www.einstein-online.info/ Ајнштајн онлајн] – Чланци о разним аспектима релативистичке физике за опште читалаштво; хостује [[Макс Планк институт за гравитациону физику]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150327100311/http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/NumRelHome.html NCSA Spacetime Wrinkles] – produced by the numerical relativity group at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, with an elementary introduction to general relativity
* {{YouTube |id=hbmf0bB38h0&list=EC6C8BDEEBA6BDC78D |title=Einstein's General Theory of Relativity}} (lecture by Leonard Susskind recorded September 22, 2008 at Stanford University).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175347/http://www.luth.obspm.fr/IHP06/ Series of lectures on General Relativity] given in 2006 at the Institut Henri Poincaré (introductory/advanced).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707011024/http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/gr/ General Relativity Tutorials] by John Baez.
* {{cite web |last=Brown |first=Kevin |title=Reflections on relativity |work=Mathpages.com |url=http://www.mathpages.com/rr/rrtoc.htm |accessdate=29. 5. 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218205507/http://mathpages.com/rr/rrtoc.htm |archive-date=18. 12. 2015 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |last=Carroll|first=Sean M.|title=Lecture Notes on General Relativity |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9712019 |accessdate = 5. 1. 2014}}
* {{cite web|last=Moor|first=Rafi|title=Understanding General Relativity|url=http://www.rafimoor.com/english/GRE.htm|accessdate=11. 7. 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228173642/http://www.rafimoor.com/english/GRE.htm|archive-date=28. 12. 2015|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|last=Waner|first=Stefan|title=Introduction to Differential Geometry and General Relativity|url=http://www.zweigmedia.com/diff_geom/tc.html|accessdate=05. 04. 2015.|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419010152/http://www.zweigmedia.com/diff_geom/tc.html|archive-date=19. 04. 2015|url-status=dead}}

{{Релативност}}
{{нормативна контрола}}

[[Категорија:Релативност]]
[[Категорија:Фундаментални концепти физике]]
[[Категорија:Општа релативност| ]]